Reef manta rays (Manta alfredi) are a highly valued species for both dive tourism and fishing industry. Dive tourism was the major driver for the (inter)national protection of this species, as the tourism revenue is 10 times as high as the profits of fishing fleets. However, the effect that scuba diving has on the ecology of the reef manta ray is poorly understood, as well as the social ecology of reef manta rays. Data was gathered while scuba diving at two cleaning stations in Raja Ampat (Indonesia). The scuba diver effects were analyzed together with environmental factors to assess the impact thereof on manta ray densities, total time spent at the cleaning station, behavioral states and events. Results indicate that cleaning stations have an important role in the social ecology of reef manta rays. The different sex ratio, site fidelity and social behavior between both sites illustrate that the function of cleaning stations can differ even within a small area. An effect of dive history and habituation is thought to significantly shape the extent of the anthropogenic influences. In general, the results demonstrate that cleaning stations are a critical habitat for reef manta rays and emphasize the importance of a strict regulation of scuba dive tourism to reduce the negative effects on reef manta ray populations.
Promotor(s) & Supervisor: Carl Van Colen
ISCED Categories
The highlighted icons, represent the fields of education (in compliance with ISCED Classification) engaged during this course/programme.
